Dimensionality and measurement invariance in the Satisfaction with Life Scale in Norway

Jocelyne Clench‐Aas · Ragnhild Bang Nes · Odd Steffen Dalgard · Leif Edvard Aarø

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Psychometric Methodologies and Testing Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction Mental Health Research Topics

Abstract

PURPOSE: Results from previous studies examining the dimensionality and factorial invariance of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) are inconsistent and often based on small samples. This study examines the factorial structure and factorial invariance of the SWLS in a Norwegian sample. METHODS: Confirmatory factor analysis (AMOS) was conducted to explore dimensionality and test for measurement invariance in factor structure, factor loadings, intercepts, and residual variance across gender and four age groups in a large (N = 4,984), nationally representative sample of Norwegian men and women (15-79 years). RESULTS: The data supported a modified unidimensional structure. Factor loadings could be constrained to equality between the sexes, indicating metric invariance between genders. Further testing indicated invariance also at the strong and strict levels, thus allowing analyses involving group means. The SWLS was shown to be sensitive to age, however, at the strong and strict levels of invariance testing. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the results in this Norwegian study seem to confirm that a unidimensional structure is acceptable, but that a modified single-factor model with correlations between error terms of items 4 and 5 is preferred. Additionally, comparisons may be made between the genders. Caution must be exerted when comparing age groups.

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References

1985The Satisfaction With Life Scale 2000Structural equation modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications, and programming 1989Structural Equations with Latent Variables 1991Structural Equations with Latent Variables.2007Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research 2008Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit 1996Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications.1997Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications

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2016The validity of the Satisfaction with Life Scale in adolescents and a comparison with single-item life satisfaction measures: a preliminary study 2012The influence of fear of happiness beliefs on responses to the satisfaction with life scale 2018Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), derived from a large German community sample 2018Happiness, life satisfaction and positive mental health: Investigating reciprocal effects over four years in a Chinese student sample 2018The Sources of Meaning and Meaning in Life Questionnaire in the Norwegian Context: Relations to Mental Health, Quality of Life, and Self-Efficacy

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