Articlegreen2006

What is missing in measures of Women's Empowerment?

235 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Human Development

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Gender, Education, and Development Issues Income, Poverty, and Inequality Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics

Abstract

This paper argues that the Gender Empowerment Measure is an incomplete and biased index on women's empowerment, which measures inequality among the most educated and economically advantaged and fails to include important non‐economic dimensions of decision‐making power both at the household level and over women's own bodies and sexuality. After addressing in more depth the relevance and limitations of existent and potential indicators on women's empowerment in the political and economic spheres, this paper identifies and assesses potential indicators in those spheres currently absent in the Gender Empowerment Measure (household and individual dimensions). Finally, the paper stresses that empowerment is not primarily an outcome, but a process; as such, there are elements enabling or limiting it, such as — but not limited to — the legal and regulatory framework. Considering this, the construction of a new aggregated measure on the Gender Empowerment Enabling Environment of countries is suggested.

Citations in this library

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References

2017Economic and Political Weekly 2001Engendering Development 2003Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and the Millennium Development Goals 2003Westminster Women: The Politics of Presence 1999UNDP's Gender-Related Indices: A Critical Review 2003No Shortcuts to Power: African Women in Politics and Policy Making 2002Protest, Policy, and the Problem of Violence against Women 2000Measuring Socio-Economic GENDER Inequality: Toward an Alternative to the UNDP Gender-Related Development Index

Cited by

2017A Three-Dimensional Model of Women’s Empowerment: Implications in the Field of Microfinance and Future Directions 2016The 2030 Agenda: challenges of implementation to attain gender equality and women's rights 2019Empowering Women Through Financial Inclusion: A Study of Urban Slum 2017Empowering women and stimulating development at bottom of pyramid through micro-entrepreneurship 2015Measuring Women’s Empowerment at Household Level Using DHS Data of Four Southeast Asian Countries 2010Empowerment of Women and Its Association with the Health of the Community

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