THE USE OF A TOKEN SYSTEM IN PROJECT HEAD START1

Abstract

A grade of A was given in an introductory statistics course for meeting a set of contingencies that included no work outside of class (except by request), near-perfect performance on exams following each unit of work in a programmed text, correction of all exam errors, self pacing of work, and the chance to finish the course early. A grade of incomplete was given otherwise. Correlations among performance measures failed to show any meaningful relationships between time taken to finish the course, errors made on exams, and errors made in the programmed text. Responses to a five-part questionnaire were overwhelmingly favorable to the course, but did not vary as a function of grade point average, time taken to finish the course, or number of errors made on exams. The uniformly high level of performance, the students' lack of interest in social contact with the instructor during class, and the absence of drop-outs are all attributed to the contingencies employed, chief among which, according to the instructor's judgment and student rankings, were self-pacing, frequent non-punitive exams and a guaranteed grade of A for near-perfect work at every stage.

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