Development of the Teenager Experience of Racial Socialization Scale: Correlates of Race-Related Socialization Frequency from the Perspective of Black Youth

Howard C. Stevenson · Rick Cameron · Teri Herrero-Taylor · Gwendolyn Y. Davis

248 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Black Psychology

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Racial and Ethnic Identity Research Social and Intergroup Psychology Critical Race Theory in Education

Abstract

An adolescent's perspective of family race-related socialization is a novel way to understand racial identity and socialization experiences. This article reports on the development of the Teenager Experience of Racial Socialization (TERS), which asks students how often they receive socialization about managing racism, cultural pride, and spirituality. A factor analysis was conducted with 260 African American youth. The results revealed five meaningful and reliable factors, including Cultural Coping With Antagonism, Cultural Pride Reinforcement, Cultural Legacy Appreciation, Cultural Alertness to Discrimination (CAD), and Cultural Endorsement of the Mainstream (CEM), and one composite factor (combines the first four TERS factors) called Cultural Socialization Experience (CULTRS). Findings reveal that boys experience more CAD communications than do girls, a moderate degree of family conversations about race is associated with greater frequency of racial socialization, family member experiences with racism are associated with higher frequency of CULTRS, and personal experience with racism is associated with lower CEM in girls but not boys. The presence of a small correlation between racial socialization experiences and racial socialization beliefs supports the discriminant validity of the scale. Implications for adolescent and family research are discussed.

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References

1966The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors 1996The Schedule of Racist Events: A Measure of Racial Discrimination and a Study of Its Negative Physical and Mental Health Consequences 1980The Self: Measurement Requirements from an Interactionist Perspective 1997When and What Parents Tell Children About Race: An Examination of Race-Related Socialization Among African American Families 1985Race-related Socialization, Motivation, and Academic Achievement: A Study of Black Youths in Three-Generation Families 1995A socially contextualized model of African American identity: Possible selves and school persistence.1999African Americans' mental health and perceptions of racist discrimination: The moderating effects of racial socialization experiences and self-esteem.1985Black child socialization: A conceptual framework.

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2002Black Adolescents' Racial Socialization Experiences 2003The Relation Of Racial Identity And Racial Socialization To Coping With Discrimination Among African American Adolescents 2010Racial Discrimination and Resilience in African American Young Adults: Examining Racial Socialization as a Moderator 2007Racism experiences and psychological functioning in African American college freshmen: Is racial socialization a buffer?

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