Aging Cognition Unconfounded by Prior Test Experience

Timothy A. Salthouse

36 citations0/0 files storedThe Journals of Gerontology Series B

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Cognitive Abilities and Testing Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research Aging and Gerontology Research

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Investigate time-related age differences in cognitive functioning without influences of prior test experience. METHODS: Cognitive scores were compared in different individuals from the same birth years who were tested in different years, when they were at different ages. These types of quasi-longitudinal comparisons were carried out on data from three large projects: the Seattle Longitudinal Study [Schaie, K. W. (2013). Developmental influences on adult intelligence: The Seattle Longitudinal Study (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press], the Betula Project [Ronnlund, M., & Nilsson, L-G. (2008). The magnitude, generality, and determinants of Flynn effects on forms of declarative memory and visuospatial ability: Time-sequential analyses of data from a Swedish cohort study. Intelligence, 36, 192-209], and the Virginia Cognitive Aging Project (this study). RESULTS: In each data set, the results revealed that the estimates of cognitive change with no prior test experience closely resembled the estimates of age relations based on cross-sectional comparisons. Furthermore, longitudinal comparisons revealed positive changes at young ages that gradually became more negative with increased age, whereas all of the estimates of change without prior test experience were negative except those for measures of vocabulary. DISCUSSION: The current results suggest that retest effects can distort the mean age trends in longitudinal comparisons that are not adjusted for experience. Furthermore, the findings can be considered robust because the patterns were similar across three data sets involving different samples of participants and cognitive tests, and across different methods of controlling experience effects in the new data set.

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1997Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Third Edition 2009When does age-related cognitive decline begin?2016Theoretical Perspectives on Cognitive Aging 2008Wechsler Memory Scale–Third Edition 2002Comparative longitudinal structural analyses of the growth and decline of multiple intellectual abilities over the life span.2012Developmental Influences on Adult Intelligence: The Seattle Longitudinal Study 2009The cognitive reserve hypothesis: A longitudinal examination of age-associated declines in reasoning and processing speed.2010Influence of age on practice effects in longitudinal neurocognitive change.

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