Defense Mechanisms: 40 Years of Empirical Research

Phebe Cramer

133 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Personality Assessment

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Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research Psychological Testing and Assessment Psychology and Mental Health

Abstract

This article reviews research on defense mechanisms carried out over the past 40 years with children, adolescents, adults, and psychiatric patients. Both experimental and observational studies are included.

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References

1974The measurement of psychological androgyny.1904The Psychological Bulletin 1982The Perceived Competence Scale for Children 2018The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence 2011Ego and Mechanisms of Defense 1978The classification of child psychopathology: A review and analysis of empirical efforts.1980The Role of Ego-Control and Ego-Resiliency in the Organization of Behavior 1993Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised: Factor Structure and Concurrent Validity

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2021The Hierarchy of Defense Mechanisms: Assessing Defensive Functioning With the Defense Mechanisms Rating Scales Q-Sort 2023Profanity as a Self-Defense Mechanism and an Outlet for Emotional Catharsis in Stress, Anxiety, and Depression 2017THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST 2019Performance-Based Techniques 2022Mental health care for young people using video games: a pilot RCT on the development of a new intervention method toward Hikikomori and Futoko 2020

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