Physical violence during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes in Ghana

Michelle Sharon Pool · Easmon Otupiri · Ellis Owusu‐Dabo · Ank de Jonge · Charles O Agyemang

65 citations0/0 files storedBMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

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Intimate Partner and Family Violence Reproductive Health and Contraception Global Maternal and Child Health

Abstract

BACKGROUND: In pregnancy, violence can have serious health consequences that could affect both mother and child. In Ghana there are limited data on this subject. We sought to assess the relationship between physical violence during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes (early pregnancy loss, perinatal mortality and neonatal mortality) in Ghana. METHOD: The 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey data were used. For the domestic violence module, 2563 women were approached of whom 2442 women completed the module. After excluding missing values and applying the weight factor, 1745 women remained. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between physical violence in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes with adjustments for potential confounders. RESULTS: About five percent of the women experienced violence during their pregnancy. Physical violence in pregnancy was positively associated with perinatal mortality and neonatal mortality, but not with early pregnancy loss. The differences remained largely unchanged after adjustment for age, parity, education level, wealth status, marital status and place of residence: adjusted odds ratios were 2.32; 95% CI: 1.34-4.01 for perinatal mortality, 1.86; 95% CI: 1.05-3.30 for neonatal mortality and 1.16; 95% CI: 0.60-2.24 for early pregnancy loss. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that violence during pregnancy is related to adverse pregnancy outcomes in Ghana. Major efforts are needed to tackle violence during pregnancy. This can be achieved through measures that are directed towards the right target groups. Measures should include education, empowerment and improving socio-economic status of women.

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References

2005WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women: Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Women's Responses 2008The impact of intimate partner violence on women's reproductive health and pregnancy outcome 2003Intimate partner violence and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A population-based study 2007Intimate partner violence and unwanted pregnancy, miscarriage, induced abortion, and stillbirth among a national sample of Bangladeshi women 2010Maternal Exposure to Domestic Violence and Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses 2004Partner violence during pregnancy and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes 1999Physical violence during pregnancy: maternal complications and birth outcomes*1 2004Violence against women in Ghana: a look at women's perceptions and review of policy and social responses

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