Article1999

Brain morphometry in reading-disabled twins

Bruce F. Pennington · Pauline A. Filipek · Dianne L. Lefly · John C. Churchwell · David N. Kennedy · Jack H. Simon +4 more

46 citations0/0 files storedNeurology

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Reading and Literacy Development Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To test for brain structure differences in reading disability (RD) by means of MRI-based morphometry. BACKGROUND: Consensus is lacking on the brain structural correlates of RD. The current study reports on a wider set of structures in the largest sample yet studied, controlling for age, gender, IQ, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: A case-control study was performed that was comprised of 75 individuals with RD (mean age, 17.43+/-4.29 years) and 22 control subjects without RD (mean age, 18.69+/-3.75 years), each a single member of a twin pair. The two groups were similar in age, gender, and handedness, but differed in full-scale IQ (FSIQ), with the RD group having a lower mean FSIQ (101.8+/-9.9 versus 118.3+/-10.3). Using three group-by-structure analyses of covariance, groups were compared in terms of volume (in cubic centimeters) of major neocortical subdivisions, subcortical structures, and midsagittal areas (in square millimeters) of three subdivisions of the corpus callosum. RESULTS: Controlling for age, gender, and IQ, the authors found a significant group-by-structure interaction for the major neocortical subdivisions (p = 0.002), reflecting a different developmental pattern in the RD group, with the insula and anterior superior neocortex being smaller and the retrocallosal cortex being larger in the RD group. In contrast, they found no group main or interaction effects for the subcortical or callosal structures. The pattern of results was essentially the same in subjects without ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: Most brain structures do not differ in size in RD, but cortical development is altered subtly. This study replicates in a larger sample previous findings of insular differences in RD and demonstrates further that those differences are not attributable to comorbid ADHD.

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References

1996Is developmental dyslexia a disconnection syndrome?1994Quantitative Trait Locus for Reading Disability on Chromosome 6 1997Susceptibility loci for distinct components of developmental dyslexia on chromosomes 6 and 15.1993Intelligence and brain structure in normal individuals 1990MRI evaluation of the size and symmetry of the planum temporale in adolescents with developmental dyslexia*1 1999A Quantitative-Trait Locus on Chromosome 6p Influences Different Aspects of Developmental Dyslexia 1993Evidence for a Magnocellular Defect in Developmental Dyslexia a 1999Quantitative-Trait Locus for Specific Language and Reading Deficits on Chromosome 6p

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2006The Neurophysiology of Dyslexia: A Selective Review with Implications for Neurofeedback Remediation and Results of Treatment in Twelve Consecutive Patients

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