A review of surface contamination and the stability of standard masses

Abstract

A review of published data on the stability of mass standards has been undertaken. The data mainly focus on the stability of platinum–iridium mass standards, but data on stainless steel artefacts have also been included. The review has been divided into five areas: long-term stability of mass standards, surface effects due to humidity, effects of various cleaning techniques, analysis of surface contamination and the outgassing of surfaces in vacuum. Conclusions have been drawn from the data reviewed, and suggestions for future investigations are proposed.

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