ON SOME MEANINGS OF “PLANNING”

Abstract

Blueprints cannot be used successfully to plan entities as complex as cities or national economies. The attempt to plan such units deductively leads either to a systematic distortion of reality through monistic theories, or to an escape from reality altogether through Utopian thinking. Inductive planning, the coordination of overlapping and, in part, conflicting goals through some system of rationalizing choice among them, is almost the opposite of what planning means etymologically; but in this type of “muddling through” lies the future of our attempts to structure our world through rational planning.

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