Violence Exposure and Optimism Predict Task-Induced Changes in Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate in a Normotensive Sample of Inner-City Black Youth

Rodney Clark · Ramona A. Benkert · John M. Flack

20 citations0/0 files storedPsychosomatic Medicine

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Optimism, Hope, and Well-being Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies Child Abuse and Trauma

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: This investigation examined the association of violence exposure (home and neighborhood) and optimism to task-induced changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse rate (PR). METHODS: Drawn from a larger investigation, the convenience sample for this study consisted of 172 normotensive black youth (mean age = 11.5 years, standard deviation = 1.3). Violence exposure and optimism were self-reported by participants, and task-induced changes in SBP, DBP, and PR were measured with an automated monitor during two sequentially administered digit-forward and digit-backward tasks. RESULTS: Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that violence exposure was inversely related to task-induced changes in SBP (p = .010) and DBP (p = .005). Optimism was not an independent predictor of blood pressure or PR changes (p-s > .32). The final step of these hierarchical analyses indicated that the effects of violence exposure and optimism interacted to predict task-induced changes in SBP (p = .013) and PR (p = .003). Follow-up regression analyses indicated that violence exposure was inversely related to task-induced changes in SBP among participants high in optimism and was positively associated with PR reactivity in participants low in optimism. CONCLUSIONS: The youth in this study have intact mechanisms for buffering blood pressure responses to violence exposure, especially those who are more optimistic about their future-a person factor whose moderating effects might wane with advancing age.

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References

1999Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model.2003Physiological Responses to Racism and Discrimination: An Assessment of the Evidence 1998Homeostasis, Stress, Trauma, and Adaptation 2001Emotional and Behavioral Impact of Exposure to Community Violence in Inner-City Adolescents 2001Discrimination and unfair treatment: Relationship to cardiovascular reactivity among African American and European American women.2003Prevalence of Child and Adolescent Exposure to Community Violence 1999Effects of optimism, pessimism, and trait anxiety on ambulatory blood pressure and mood during everyday life.2004Urban Adolescents' Exposure to Community Violence: The Role of Support, School Safety, and Social Constraints in a School-Based Sample of Boys and Girls

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