A Multilevel Approach to the Relationship Between Birth Order and Intelligence

Aaron Lee Wichman · Joseph Lee Rodgers · Robert C. MacCallum

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Cognitive Abilities and Testing Family Dynamics and Relationships Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies

Abstract

Many studies show relationships between birth order and intelligence but use cross-sectional designs or manifest other threats to internal validity. Multilevel analyses with a control variable show that when these threats are removed, two major results emerge: (a) birth order has no significant influence on children's intelligence and (b) earlier reported birth order effects on intelligence are attributable to factors that vary between, not within, families. Analyses on 7- to 8 - and 13- to 14-year-old children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth support these conclusions. When hierarchical data structures, age variance of children, and within-family versus between-family variance sources are taken into account, previous research is seen in a new light.

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2020Family Environment, Neurodevelopmental Risk, and the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Initiative: Looking Back and Moving Forward 2007The Confluence Model: Birth Order as a Within-Family or Between-Family Dynamic?2015A within-family analysis of birth order and intelligence using population conscription data on Swedish men 2021Siblings' similarities and dissimilarities: A review of theoretical perspectives and empirical insights 2013Strategic Parenting, Birth Order and School Performance

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