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The subaltern classes figure, if at all, only parenthetically in historical studies on medieval South India. 1 This lacuna in research could be ascribed to the fact that peasants and artisans, despite their massive presence, left only a few marks on the historical record due to the nature of the sources -literary works and donative grants to temples and brahmanas.In this context, the extraordinary incidence of popular revolts in the inscriptional record of the reign of Devaraya II (1422-46) provides an excellent vantage point for an examination of the relations between social classes and the state in the Vijayanagara era.These inscriptions, recording as they do the proclamations of the popular classes in rebellion, 2 are an eloquent testimony to their strength and vigour.Epigraphical rèferences to these revolts, however, remain confined to the Tamil country and are absent from the Telegu and Kannada countriesregions which constituted the heartland of the Empire.Moreover, even in the Tamil country, the sources do not record incidences of similar protests by peasants and artisans after circa 1450.These temporal and spatial dimensions of the revolts, it will be argued here, illustrate the changing nature of the relations between the nucleus of Vijayanagara power and the peripheral areas over which it claimed hegemony.
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