Article1994

The Relationship of Maternal Employment to Early Adolescent Daily Experience With and Without Parents

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Family Dynamics and Relationships Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development Work-Family Balance Challenges

Abstract

This study examines how maternal work may shape pre- and young adolescents' daily life experience. According to the procedures of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), 295 10-13-year-old children carried electronic pagers for 1 week and completed self-report forms in response to random signals sent every other hour. Their daily experience did not differ by maternal employment status, with the following exceptions: full-time maternal employment was associated with more time doing homework with mothers and less time in general leisure, while part-time employment was associated with more time doing sports with parents. Relative to those with nonemployed mothers, youth with part-time employed mothers reported more positive daily moods and higher self-esteem, while youth reported time with full-time employed mothers to be the friendliest. While children with employed mothers spent no less time with family, parents, friends, in class or alone, they spent more time alone with fathers.

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References

1965Society and the Adolescent Self-Image 2013Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences 1986Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives.2011Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI)1987Validity and Reliability of the Experience-Sampling Method 1966The adolescent experience 1991Daily Companionship in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence: Changing Developmental Contexts 1981A revised socioeconomic index of occupational status

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2002Longitudinal changes in the time parents spend in activities with their adolescent children as a function of child age, pubertal status and gender.2010Anxiety among high school students in India: Comparisons across gender, school type, social strata and perceptions of quality time with parents 1998Adolescents' Conceptualization of Adult Roles: Relationships with Age, Gender, Work Goal, and Maternal Employment 2010Making the work-based safety net work better: forward-looking policies to help low-income families 2006Maternal Employment in Childhood and Adults’ Retrospective Reports of Parenting Practices

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