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Taking the pioneer efforts made in Nigeria as a case, this paper discusses the challenges associated with undertaking R&D surveys in a developing country. The 2006/2007 survey of R&D activities in Nigeria was carried out in both the higher education and government sectors, using the Frascati Manual as guide. In all, 75 universities and 62 research institutes were surveyed with an overall response rate of 73.8%. Among several, the adaptation of definitions and methodologies prescribed in the Manual – designed with developed economies in mind – was a major challenge. We conclude that for R&D indicators to become more relevant for economic policy in developing countries survey methods and indicators should be adapted or new ones developed to reflect the local realities of STI systems. Agriculture, informal economy and indigenous knowledge are three important aspects of African system that S&T indicators, to date, do not cover.
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