Article2004

Individual Trait Anxiety Levels Characterizing the Properties of Zen Meditation

Tetsuhito Murata · Tsukasa Takahashi · Toshihiko Hamada · Masao Omori · Hirotaka Kosaka · Haruyoshi Yoshida

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Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control Pain Management and Placebo Effect

Abstract

Meditation is a specific consciousness state in which deep relaxation and increased internalized attention coexist. There have been various neurophysiological studies on meditation. However, the personal predispositions/traits that characterize the properties of meditation have not been adequately studied. We analyzed changes in neurophysiological parameters [EEG coherence and autonomic nervous activity using heart rate variability (HRV) as an index] during Zen meditation, and evaluated the results in association with trait anxiety (assessed by Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) in 22 healthy adults who had not previously practiced any form of meditation. During meditation, in terms of mean values in all subjects, an increase in slow alpha interhemispheric EEG coherence in the frontal region, an increase in high-frequency (HF) power (as a parasympathetic index of HRV), and a decrease in the ratio of low-frequency to HF power (as a sympathetic index of HRV) were observed. Further evaluation of these changes in individuals showed a negative correlation between the percent change (with the control condition as the baseline) in slow alpha interhemispheric coherence reflecting internalized attention and the percent change in HF reflecting relaxation. The trait anxiety score was negatively correlated with the percent change in slow alpha interhemispheric coherence in the frontal region and was positively correlated with the percent change in HF. These results suggest that lower trait anxiety more readily induces meditation with a predominance of internalized attention, while higher trait anxiety more readily induces meditation with a predominance of relaxation.

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References

1970Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 2002What Do We Really Know About Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction?2001Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health-related quality of life in a heterogeneous patient population 1989Differential effects of relaxation techniques on trait anxiety: A meta-analysis 1999Concentration and Mindfulness Meditations: Unique Forms of Consciousness?1999Autonomic and EEG Patterns during Eyes-Closed Rest and Transcendental Meditation (TM) Practice: The Basis for a Neural Model of TM Practice 1982Overview: clinical and physiological comparison of meditation with other self-control strategies

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