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Women have been largely excluded from the development effort in most countries of the world. The intensification of agriculture often increases the demand for female labor and undermines the educational opportunities of female children. The share of agricultural work performed by females also tends to increase with urban development which creates widespread outmigration of rural male youth. The failure to provide women with agricultural vocational training keeps rural incomes and the rate of growth of agricultural production in rural areas at low levels contributing to rural-urban disparities and migration. Womens reproductive role and high illiteracy levels further serve to shut them out of employment in the industrial sector. Female tasks within subsistence production tend to become home industries manned by women but these small industries are overfilled and averae incomes are declining. Moreover the creation of larger enterprises as a result of development has taken the market away from many of these smaller ventures. Each country must develop a strategy for integrating women into national development and for combating attitudes that womens role in the labor market should be marginal. This requires changes in certain demographic variables such as age at marriage age at birth of 1st child spacing of children and total number of children. Of equal importance is equal access to education vocational training and greater female participation in the formulation and execution of development policy. Legislation to ensure equal rights should be introduced in countries where it does not exist and enforced in countries where it does. Studies are needed on the factors that facilitate or constrain the provision of wider opportunities for women and coordinated programs to modify the traditional attitudes that work against female equality are required. Efforts should be made to improve the earning power of rural women andto integrate them in campaigns to modernize the rural economy. At the same time attention should be given to easing the burden of womens routine household chores. Highest priority should be given to the task of providing skills to unskilled women.
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