This paper describes four autonomous Geographic Information Systems operating at a statewide level in Ohio (USA). All were initiated at various times in the 1970s and 1980s. They are operated by branches of state government, namely the Department of Natural Resources, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, the Ohio Department of Transportation, and the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio. A critical review of the operations and institutional contexts of these four systems shows evolution from in-house software development to third party suppliers, from coarse resolution grid cells to high accuracy vector data, from large dedicated GIS staffs to application-specific users augmented by smaller GIS support staffs, and from agency-dependent databases to inter-agency database sharing as technology improves and user needs and databases increase.
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