Articlehybrid1998

Onset of Psychopathology in Offspring by Developmental Phase and Parental Depression

PRIYA J. WICKRAMARATNE · Myrna M. Weissman

184 citations0/0 files storedJournal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

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Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum Family Support in Illness

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine the differential effects of parental major depression (MDD) on psychopathology of childhood, adolescent, and early-adult onset in offspring. METHOD: One hundred eighty-two offspring from 91 families in which one or more parents or neither parent had MDD were followed for more than 10 years and blindly reassessed by means of a structured diagnostic instrument. RESULTS: Parental MDD is associated with increased risk in offspring of childhood-onset MDD (eightfold), anxiety disorder (threefold), conduct disorder (fivefold), and early-adult-onset MDD (fivefold) but not adolescent-onset MDD, where there is a marked increase in risk, particularly in girls, regardless of parental diagnosis. These findings were not explained by parental comorbidity, but the association with MDD was explained by parental age at onset of MDD--there was a 13-fold increase in childhood-onset MDD and a 7-fold increase in adult-onset MDD in offspring of parents with MDD of early (before age 30 years) onset. CONCLUSION: Childhood- and early-adult-onset MDD may be etiologically homogeneous and familial subtypes. The reason for the high incidence of adolescent-onset MDD, particularly in girls, regardless of parental diagnosis, needs to be determined. The childhood offspring of depressed parents are a potential target for evaluation, especially when the parent had an early-onset depression.

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References

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2009Prevention of emotional problems and psychiatric risks in children of parents with a mental illness in the Netherlands: I. The scientific basis to a comprehensive approach 2001A Family Study of Major Depressive Disorder in a Community Sample of Adolescents 2018Characterizing Developmental Trajectories and the Role of Neuropsychiatric Genetic Risk Variants in Early-Onset Depression 2001Genetic and environmental influences on the temporal association between earlier anxiety and later depression in girls

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