Anabolic Steroid Use by Male and Female Middle School Students

Avery D. Faigenbaum · Leonard D. Zaichkowsky · Douglas E. Gardner · Lyle Joseph Micheli

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Doping in Sports Hormonal and reproductive studies Pharmacological Effects and Assays

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of anabolic steroid use by high school and college students has been reported in the literature. However, rumors persist regarding the use of steroids by younger populations. OBJECTIVE: To assess the extent of steroid use by male and female middle school students and to explore their attitudes and perceptions about these drugs. Methods. A confidential self-report questionnaire was administered to 466 male and 499 female students between 9 and 13 years of age (mean +/- SD, 11.4 +/- 0.9 years) in 5th, 6th, and 7th grades from four public middle schools in Massachusetts. The number of students reporting steroid use and differences between users' and nonusers' underlying attitudes and perceptions about these drugs were evaluated. RESULTS: The response rate was 82% (965/1175 eligible). Results indicated that 2.7% of all middle school students reported using steroids; 2.6% were males and 2.8% were females. When steroid users were compared with nonusers, 47% versus 43% thought that steroids make muscles bigger; 58% versus 31% thought that steroids make muscles stronger; 31% versus 11% thought that steroids improve athletic performance; 23% versus 13% thought that steroids make one look better; 23% versus 9% knew someone their own age who currently took steroids; 38% versus 4% were asked by someone to take steroids; 54% versus 91% thought that steroids were bad for them; and 35% versus 2% indicated that they would take steroids in the future. Additional analyses determined steroid user involvement in sports and activities. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the problem of illicit steroid use extends to children and young adolescents and that a segment of this population is mindful of the potential physiologic effects of steroids. This information will be useful to pediatricians, sport authorities, and school teachers whose guidance will become increasingly more important as steroid educational interventions for male and female middle school students are developed.

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1988Estimated Prevalence of Anabolic Steroid Use Among Male High School Seniors 1993Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use in the United States 1995Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids 1993Use of Multiple Drugs among Adolescents Who Use Anabolic Steroids 1993Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise 1995Anabolic-Steroid Use, Strength Training, and Multiple Drug Use Among Adolescents in the United States 1996Effects of a multidimensional anabolic steroid prevention intervention. The Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids (ATLAS) Program 1996The Use of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids by Canadian Students

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