Automatic Activation of Stereotypes: The Role of Self-Image Threat

Steven J. Spencer · Steven Fein · Connie Wolfe · Christina T. Fong · Meghan A. Duinn

261 citations0/0 files storedPersonality and Social Psychology Bulletin

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Social and Intergroup Psychology Racial and Ethnic Identity Research Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion

Abstract

Does self-image threatening feedback make perceivers more likely to activate stereotypes when confronted by members of a minority group? Participants in Study 1 saw an Asian American or European American woman for several minutes, and participants in Studies 2 and 3 were exposed to drawings of an African American or European American male face for fractions of a second. These experiments found no evidence of automatic stereotype activation when perceivers were cognitively busy and when they had not received negative feedback. When perceivers had received negative feedback, however, evidence of stereotype activation emerged even when perceivers were cognitively busy. The theoretical implications of these results for stereotype activation and the relationship of motivation, affect, and cognition are discussed.

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References

1995Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.1989Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components.1983Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states.2014Handbook of Social Cognition 1988The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self 1995Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM).1990A Continuum of Impression Formation, from Category-Based to Individuating Processes: Influences of Information and Motivation on Attention and Interpretation 1996Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action.

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2003Fear of the Dark: Interactive Effects of Beliefs about Danger and Ambient Darkness on Ethnic Stereotypes 2004The Automaticity of Race and Afrocentric Facial Features in Social Judgments.1999Motivated Reasoning With Stereotypes: Activation, Application, and Inhibition 2007“I think it, therefore it’s true”: Effects of self-perceived objectivity on hiring discrimination

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