Perturbations in Vocal Pitch

Abstract

An acoustic analysis of the rapid fluctuations that occur in the fundamental excitation rate, or “pitch,” of normal speech was conducted with a sample of six male speakers of American English, who each read a neutral test sentence in certain “emotional” modes. i.e., as a question, an objective statement, a fearful utterance, a happy utterance, etc. A statistical analysis of the durations of approximately 7000 pitch periods was performed with an IBM 709 computer. This analysis revealed that for all possible samples consisting of three consecutive periods, the duration did not remain constant, within ±0.1 msec, in 86% of the cases. The data also showed that the magnitude of the difference between the durations of adjacent periods was greater than 0.6 msec 20% of the time and greater than 1.0 msec 15% of the time. The magnitude of this difference increased with the duration of the periods until their duration reached 6 msec. The difference was independent of the period duration for periods longer than 6 msec. Somewhat greater differences between the durations of successive periods occurred in those samples associated with the onset and end of voicing and sudden spectral shifts. Smaller differences occurred with certain of the emotional modes that seemed to require greater conscious vocal control in their production. The output of the glottis often seemed to be like that of an oscillator with considerable overshoot. In 38% of the cases it produced a sequence of alternately short and long duration periods. The durations of adjacent periods were not correlated. The durations of alternate long and alternate short periods, however, were highly correlated, suggesting a hysteresis effect in which the duration of each period is determined with respect to the preceding period in a quasi random manner within a 2-msec range.

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