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In Deuteronomistic summaries 1), which constitute backbone of Books of Kings, author repeatedly refers to the annals of kings of 'It w1: 'wn :3 o mrO 2) and the annals of kings of nmr,ir ,z'1 Q,, ,:3 In t O 3) These annals are usually supposed to be unofficial versions of annalistic material 4). They should, however, in analogy with Assyrian annals and Babylonian annals and chronicles, be taken as official annals, inasmuch as governments of Israel and Judah wanted them to be regarded as History of monarchies. Presumably they were edited and published by office of royal herald 5). Only in case of very few rulers (6 kings and one queen) are these references missing from summaries. It is easy to explain in greater part of cases. In Israel last king Hoshea has no reference, either because his reign was so troubled that herald's office did not succeed in finishing editing of annals before fall of Samaria, or because annals did not look upon Hoshea as a legitimate king, but as an Assyrian vassal (2 K. xvii 3) What Judah concerns, we have no reference in case of Jehoahaz, again a king with a troubled reign, which furthermore lasted only three months (2 K. xxiii 31). Obviously there was neither time nor opportunity to issue annals. 6) The same reasoning holds good for
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