Patterns of working alliance development: A typology of client's working alliance ratings.

Dennis M. Kivlighan

201 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Counseling Psychology

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Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications Counseling Practices and Supervision Psychological Treatments and Assessments

Abstract

Patterns of working alliance development were detected by clustering working alliance ratings across 4 sessions of counseling. Results from an initial sample of recruited participants working with novice counselors (N = 38) revealed 3 patterns of alliance development labeled stable alliance, linear alliance growth, and quadratic alliance growth. Results from a replication sample (N = 41) of recruited participants also working with novice counselors, revealed 3 identical patterns of alliance development, which offered strong support for the validity of these growth patterns. As predicted by Gelso and Carter (1994), a pattern of quadratic alliance development was associated with greater improvement on measures of counseling benefit when compared to other patterns of alliance development. The discussion underscores the importance of examining both the strength (level) and pattern of development when examining the effects of the working alliance.

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References

1979The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance.1987Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change 1989Development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory.1991Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis.1988Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change 1988Inventory of interpersonal problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications.1989Factor structure of the Working Alliance Inventory.1986The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook.

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