Economic Security in Retirement: How Changes in Employment and Marriage Have Altered Retirement‐Related Economic Risks for Women

Abstract

We examine across birth cohorts the consequences for inter‐ and intra‐gender equality of changing patterns of women's work, earnings, and marriage. While over time work participation rates, average earnings, and pension coverage for women have become increasingly similar to those for men, inequality among women has grown. As the economic opportunities for college‐educated women have improved, women with only a high school education or less are increasingly disadvantaged in the labor and marriage markets. The effects of employment changes on the future retirement security of women can either be told simply—on average the gender gap in labor force participation, wages, and pension coverage is closing—or be told with attention to the growing inequality among women in employment, pension coverage and benefits. In the presence of greater gender equality, inequality among women is becoming the future retirement security challenge for women and policy makers.

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