Rape among African American Women: Sexual, Psychological, and Social Correlates Predisposing Survivors to Risk of STD/HIV

Gina M. Wingood · Ralph Joseph DiClemente

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Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions Intimate Partner and Family Violence

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the association of rape of adult African American women and sexual, psychologic, and social factors that predispose them to risks of sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This cross-sectional study, conducted between February and December 1993, recruited 165 African American women, 18-29 years of age, from an African American community of low socioeconomic status in San Francisco, California. Women completed a face-to-face interview. The prevalence of adult rape (rape experienced after age 15) in this sample was 14%. Compared with women who did not report a history of adult rape, women who reported such a history were significantly more likely to report HIV-related sexual, psychologic, and social experiences. Specifically, adult rape survivors were nearly 6 times more likely to have had sex 10 or more times in the past 3 months, 3 times as likely to report never using condoms during the past 3 months, 3.3 times less likely to use condoms consistently during the past 3 months, to have used a condom at last intercourse, and to use condoms when intoxicated, nearly 3 times less likely to negotiate condom use, 11 times as likely to have a partner who was physically abusive, nearly 10 times more likely to believe that there were no eligible African American males with whom to establish a relationship, and more than 3 times as likely to believe that sex was unenjoyable. HIV-related social and behavioral interventions for women may be more effective if they address all sexual violence against women, including rape, and provide resources for women who are rape survivors.

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References

1977The CES-D Scale 1992Violence Against Women 1993Violence against women by male partners: Prevalence, outcomes, and policy implications.1993Detecting the Scope of Rape 1992The Sociocultural Context of African American and White American Women's Rape 1997Child Sexual Abuse, HIV Sexual Risk, and Gender Relations of African-American Women 1994The Global Health Burden Of Rape 1997Sexual violence against women living with or at risk for HIV infection.

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2006Adolescent Girls’ Offending and Health-Risking Sexual Behavior: The Predictive Role of Trauma 2010Health and economic consequences of sexual violence.2009Impact of Rape on Female Sexuality: Review of Selected Literature 2003Does HIV Status Make a Difference in the Experience of Lifetime Abuse? Descriptions of Lifetime Abuse and Its Context Among Low-Income Urban Women 2003Overlooked role of African-American males' hypermasculinity in the epidemic of unintended pregnancies and HIV/AIDS cases with young African-American women.

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