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Link ( 13) is convinced that "the classical concepts of emotions and instincts are a hindrance rather than a help to future studies."By regarding the emotion as a mental state and the instinct as the bodily change which characterizes the emotion, "it is made absolutely impossible to establish any causal identity, or even a schematic identity between the two."For example, experiments with animals are quite futile because it is impossible to secure data on the psychic phenomena.The classifications of emotions given by McDougall and others are said to be entirely arbitrary and misleading.If emotions are, as McDougall believes, fixed and independent in character, it is impossible to account for their fusion into "sentiments" which are more powerful than the fundamental forces themselves; "only the most fanciful and uncritical imagination can follow the process by which it is done."Kantor(ll), none the less destructive, is more constructive in his two articles He submits that the emotion is not a positive response to a stimulus, but rather a failure of a stimulus-response coordination to operate Emotions are essentially "no response" activities The individual left without a directed mode of adjustment is thrown back upon primary responses, namely, the organic reflexes."It is these replacement 1 reflexes which give emotional conduct the appearance of positive adjustment."Several consequences must follow from such a negative character of emotions as Kantor describes.1. Emotional activity can be of no general and necessary utility to the organism; in fact, emotional conduct must be always truncated and ineffectual action, "disrupting chaos," momentary paralysis.2. Emotional conduct must not be interpreted as an hereditary form of behavior, since it is due to the breakdown of acquired stimulus-response systems or to the absence of adaptive reactions.3.Because emotions are "no response" actions, they cannot readily be clas-1 Italics mine.
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