The Role of Referent Indicators in Tests of Measurement Invariance

Emily Johnson · Adam W. Meade · Amy M. DuVernet

79 citations0/0 files storedStructural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal

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Psychometric Methodologies and Testing Social and Intergroup Psychology Educational Assessment and Pedagogy

Abstract

Confirmatory factor analytic tests of measurement invariance (MI) require a referent indicator (RI) for model identification. Although the assumption that the RI is perfectly invariant across groups is acknowledged as problematic, the literature provides relatively little guidance for researchers to identify the conditions under which the practice is appropriate. Using simulated data, this study examined the effects of RI selection on both scale- and item-level MI tests. Results indicated that while inappropriate RI selection has little effect on the accuracy of conclusions drawn from scale-level tests of metric invariance, poor RI choice can produce very misleading results for item-level tests. As a result, group comparisons under conditions of partial invariance are highly susceptible to problems associated with poor RI choice.

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References

1981Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error 1989Structural Equations with Latent Variables 1991Structural Equations with Latent Variables.2000A Review and Synthesis of the Measurement Invariance Literature: Suggestions, Practices, and Recommendations for Organizational Research 1996Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications.1989LISREL 7 : user's reference guide 1999Sample size in factor analysis.1989Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance.

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