Some Functional Relationships in Grammar

Jeffrey Heath

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Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation Linguistics and Language Studies Historical Linguistics and Language Studies

Abstract

The theoretical observation that certain types of pronominal differentiation are functionally related to certain types of transformational rules leads to a loose concept of a ‘functional component’ (independent of formal relationships), within which these two aspects of grammar play complementary roles. This complementarity is matched by an empirically observed inverse relationship in the functional values of the two from one language to another. By looking at the functional component as a whole (i.e. at a system rather than at individual elements), we arrive at an interesting new kind of universal.

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1994Semantic universals in classifier systems 1984Functional Theories of Grammar 2013Functions of nominal classification 2006Who said Polysynthetic Languages Avoid Subordination? Multiple Subordination Strategies in Dalabon 2017The Languages of the Daly River Region (Northern Australia)2017Polysynthesis in Northern Australia 2006Who Said Polysynthetic Languages Avoid Subordination? Multiple Subordination Strategies in Dalabon* A version of this paper was presented at the Blackwood workshop on Australian languages, March 2002; I thank the participants in that workshop for their comments and discussion, as well as Rachel Nordlinger and two anonymousAJLreviewers. I also gratefully acknowledge the following people and institutions for supporting the research on Dalabon reported here: my Dalabon teachers †David Kalbuma, †Daisy Bordok, †Jack Chadum, †Don Buninjawa, Peter Marnibirru, Alice Bohm, and Maggie Tukumba; the Australian Research Council and Bawinanga Aboriginal Corporation for funding my fieldtrips to Arnhem Land since 1991 (under the auspices of Australian Research Grants ‘Non-Pama-Nyungan Languages of Northern Australia’, ‘Polysemy and Semantic Change in Australian Languages’, ‘Intonation and Prosody in Australian Languages’, ‘Reciprocals across Languages’, and the Dalabon dictionary project); Barry Alpher and Francesca Merlan for making available their unpublished fieldnotes and other materials, and Murray Garde and Francesca Merlan for valuable discussions about Dalabon during and after joint field-trips. Much of the data in this paper derives from on-going work with Francesca Merlan, undertaken with the ultimate goal of producing a full description of the language.2005The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: Typological characteristics

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