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Medical Writings1 August 2000Helping Physicians To Keep Abreast of the Medical Literature: Medical and Philosophical Commentaries, 1773–1795Iain Chalmers, FRCPEdin and Ulrich Tröhler, MD, PhDIain Chalmers, FRCPEdinUK Cochrane Centre, NHS Research and Development Programme; Oxford, United Kingdom OX2 7LG (Chalmers)University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany D-79104 (Tröhler) and Ulrich Tröhler, MD, PhDUK Cochrane Centre, NHS Research and Development Programme; Oxford, United Kingdom OX2 7LG (Chalmers)University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany D-79104 (Tröhler)Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-3-200008010-00024 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail [Life is too short for a conscientious physician] to acquire—even with the most suitable education, unremitting observation, accurate investigation, and unwearied reading— … satisfactory confidence in the unreserved treatment of the sick committed to his charge.John Rollo, 1801 (1)Like John Rollo (d. 1809)—an army surgeon trained in Edinburgh 200 years ago—today's conscientious clinicians wishing to keep up to date with relevant information face a truly daunting task (2). In response to this challenge, clinical epidemiologists at McMaster University, Ontario, Canada, in collaboration with others, initiated (3, 4) and continue to develop (5) the concept of "critical appraisal" of reports ...References1. Rollo J. A Short Account of the Royal Artillery Hospital at Woolwich; with Some Observations on the Management of Artillery Soldiers, Respecting the Preservation of Health. Addressed to the officers of the regiment, and dedicated to the Master-General and Board of Ordinance. London: Mawman; 1801:80. Google Scholar2. Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB. Evidence-Based Medicine. 2d ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2000. Google Scholar3. . How to read clinical journals: I. Why to read them and how to start reading them critically. Can Med Assoc J. 1981;124:555-8. MedlineGoogle Scholar4. Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Tugwell P. Clinical Epidemiology: A Basic Science for Clinical Medicine. Boston: Little, Brown; 1985. Google Scholar5. 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Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:485-8. LinkGoogle Scholar49. Huth EJ. Needed: review articles with more scientific rigor. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:470-1. LinkGoogle Scholar50. Oxman AD, Guyatt GH. Guidelines for reading literature reviews. CMAJ. 1988;138:697-703. MedlineGoogle Scholar51. Chalmers I. Improving the quality and dissemination of reviews of clinical research.. In: Lock S, eds. The Future of Medical Journals: in Commemoration of 150 Years of the British Medical Journal. London: British Medical Journal; 1991:127-46. Google Scholar52. Antman EM, Lau J, Kupelnick B, Mosteller F, Chalmers TC. A comparison of results of meta-analyses of randomized control trials and recommendations of clinical experts. Treatments for myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1992;268:240-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar53. Jadad AR, Cook DJ, Jones A, Klassen TP, Tugwell P, Moher M, et al . Methodology and reports of systematic reviews and meta-analyses: a comparison of Cochrane reviews with articles published in paper-based journals. JAMA. 1998;280:278-80. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar54. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG, eds. Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta-Analysis in Context. London: BMJ Books; 2000 [In press]. Google Scholar55. Oxman AD. The Cochrane Collaboration in the 21st century: ten challenges and one reason why they must be met. In: Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG, eds. Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta-Analysis in Context. London: BMJ Books; 2000 [In press]. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Iain Chalmers, FRCPEdin; Ulrich Tröhler, MD, PhDAffiliations: UK Cochrane Centre, NHS Research and Development Programme; Oxford, United Kingdom OX2 7LG (Chalmers)University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany D-79104 (Tröhler)Acknowledgments: The authors thank Matthias Egger, Paul Glasziou, Brian Haynes, David Sackett, Henry Schneiderman, and two anonymous referees for comments on earlier drafts; John Chalmers, for information about Andrew Duncan; Sarah White, for transcribing material from Medical Commentaries; and Iain Milne, Librarian at the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, for help in many ways.Corresponding Author: Iain Chalmers, FRCPEdin, UK Cochrane Centre, Summertown Pavilion, Middle Way, Oxford OX2 7LG; e-mail, ichalmers@cochrane.co.uk.Current Author Addresses: Dr. Chalmers: UK Cochrane Centre, Summertown Pavilion, Middle Way, Oxford OX2 7LG, United Kingdom.Dr. Tröhler: Institut für Geschichte der Medizin, Stefan Meier Str 26, D-79104 Freiburg i. Br, Germany. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byOrganizational Opportunities to Enhance Physician LearningHelping physicians to keep abreast of the medical literature: Andrew Duncan and Medical and Philosophical Commentaries , 1773–1795The introduction of numerical methods to assess the effects of medical interventions during the 18th century: a brief historyFifty-Year Fate and Impact of General Medical JournalsThe move toward setting scientific standards for the content of medical review articlesCollegiality, critique and the construction of scientific argumentation in medical book reviews: A diachronic approachQuality of Abstracts of Papers Reporting Original Cost-Effectiveness Analyses 1 August 2000Volume 133, Issue 3 Page: 238-243 Keywords Case series Edema Fevers Libraries Mortality Prevention, policy, and public health Quinine Research reporting guidelines Surgeons Surgery ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 August 2000 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2000 by American College of Physicians. 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