An Urban-Rural Happiness Gradient

Brian J. L. Berry · Adam Okulicz‐Kozaryn

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Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction Health disparities and outcomes Place Attachment and Urban Studies

Abstract

Data collected by the General Social Survey from 1972 to 2008 are used to confirm that in the United States, in contrast to many other parts of the world, there is a gradient of subjective well-being (happiness) that rises from its lowest levels in large central cities to its highest levels on the small-town/rural periphery. This gradient, which is present after controlling for many of the characteristics that affect individuals' happiness, is driven by several cleavages: between the size, density, and heterogeneity of major central cities and the smaller-scale, lower densities and relative homogeneity of areas beyond their borders, and between the black and white Americans differentially present in those locations.

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References

2000Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community 2000Bowling alone 1776An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 1999Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress.2015The Death and Life of Great American Cities 2017EU 7 FP project Governing urban divercity: Creating social cohesion, social mobility and economic performance in today’s hyper-diversified cities (DIVERCITIES) – The case of Warsaw 2007Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being 1938Urbanism as a Way of Life

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