Gaze‐following and joint visual attention in nonhuman animals

Shoji Itakura

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Primate Behavior and Ecology Child and Animal Learning Development Human-Animal Interaction Studies

Abstract

Abstract: In this paper, studies of gaze‐following and joint visual attention in nonhuman animals are reviewed from the theoretical perspective of Emery (2000 ). There are many studies of gaze‐following and joint visual attention in nonhuman primates. The reports concern not only adult individuals but also the development of these abilities. Studies to date suggest that monkeys and apes are able to follow the gaze of others, but only apes can understand the seeing‐knowing relationship with regards to conspecifics in competitive situations. Also, there have recently been some reports of ability to follow the gaze of humans in domestic animals, such as dogs or horses, interacting with humans. These domestic animals are considered to have acquired this ability during their long history of selective breeding by humans. However, we need to clarify social gaze parameters in various species to improve our knowledge of the evolution of how we process others’ gazing, attention, and mental states.

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References

1995Joint attention as social cognition.2000Chimpanzees know what conspecifics do and do not see 1991What minds have in common is space: Spatial mechanisms serving joint visual attention in infancy 2001Effects of experience and social context on prospective caching strategies by scrub jays 1998Five primate species follow the visual gaze of conspecifics 1990Inferences about guessing and knowing by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).1996Chimpanzees: Joint Visual Attention 1995Development of joint visual attention in infants

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