A Stereotype Threat Account of Boys' Academic Underachievement

Bonny L. Hartley · Robbie M. Sutton

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Education, Achievement, and Giftedness Social and Intergroup Psychology Gender Roles and Identity Studies

Abstract

Three studies examined the role of stereotype threat in boys' academic underachievement. Study 1 (children aged 4-10, n = 238) showed that girls from age 4 years and boys from age 7 years believed, and thought adults believed, that boys are academically inferior to girls. Study 2 manipulated stereotype threat, informing children aged 7-8 years (n = 162) that boys tend to do worse than girls at school. This manipulation hindered boys' performance on a reading, writing, and math test, but did not affect girls' performance. Study 3 counteracted stereotype threat, informing children aged 6-9 years (n = 184) that boys and girls were expected to perform similarly. This improved the performance of boys and did not affect that of girls.

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References

1995Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.1997A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance.2014Digest of Education Statistics 2001Meta-Analysis of Theory-of-Mind Development: The Truth about False Belief 1999Stereotype Threat and Women's Math Performance 2001The Effect of Education on Crime: Evidence from Prison Inmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports 2013Inequality: A New Zealand Crisis 2005Teacher Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: Knowns and Unknowns, Resolved and Unresolved Controversies

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