Further Evidence on the Anatomical Placement of the Human Eyeball for Facial Approximation and Craniofacial Superimposition*

Carl N. Stephan · Anne J. R. Huang · Paavi L. Davidson

56 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Forensic Sciences

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Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies Face Recognition and Perception Ocular Disorders and Treatments

Abstract

Recently a small sampled cadaver study (n = 4) suggested that the human eyeballs are placed closer to the orbital roof and lateral orbital wall as first reported in the anatomical literature many years previously. This contrasts with central positioning of the eyeball within the orbit as advocated by the facial approximation literature. Given the limits of such small samples, this study re-examined globe position in nine new cadavers to help clarify which relationship is accurate. The results essentially confirm prior empirical findings except that the mean lateral divergences from the orbit center were found to be larger--the eyeball was found to be "displaced" 1.4 mm superiorly and 2.4 mm laterally. Medians calculated across all 13 cadavers from this study and the above-mentioned recent report refine these measurements to 1.4 and 2.3 mm respectively. Globe projection values were identical to those observed for living individuals (c. 16 mm).

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References

2000Forensic Art and Illustration 2004Forensic Facial Reconstruction 2002Variation in soft‐tissue thicknesses on the human face and their relation to craniometric dimensions 1998CRANIOFACIAL IDENTIFICATION IN FORENSIC MEDICINE 2008The Placement of the Human Eyeball and Canthi in Craniofacial Identification

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2012Anatomical Placement of the Human Eyeball in the Orbit—Validation Using CT Scans of Living Adults and Prediction for Facial Approximation*2014Three-dimensional prediction of the nose for facial reconstruction using cone-beam computed tomography 2008Mouth width prediction in craniofacial identification: cadaver tests of four recent methods, including two techniques for edentulous skulls.2015Facial Approximation—From Facial Reconstruction Synonym to Face Prediction Paradigm 2012The Validity of Ear Prediction Guidelines Used in Facial Approximation*,†,‡2013Pronasale Position: An Appraisal of Two Recently Proposed Methods for Predicting Nasal Projection in Facial Reconstruction 2016Three-dimensional prediction of the human eyeball and canthi for craniofacial reconstruction using cone-beam computed tomography

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