Ambivalence, modernisation and language attitudes: French and Arabic in Tunisia

Abstract

Ambivalence is discernible in the attitudes of Tunisians towards the three speech varieties (French, Classical Arabic, Tunisian Arabic) of their country. Classical Arabic is esteemed as a symbol of authenticity and Arab unity and for its religious significance. At the same time, it is perceived as the antithesis of modernism and felt to be deficient. Tunisian Arabic is overtly condemned while covertly serving as the real prestige language of the country. French is esteemed for its connotations of modernism but perceived as a threat to national unity. Ambivalence towards language is reflected in ambivalence towards language policy. Although many have desired to Arabise Tunisia, this goal has had to be postponed for pragmatic reasons which put the demands of modernism before those of authenticity, when necessary. Attitudes to the policy of bilingualism are also ambivalent for although bilingualism provides access to modern technology, the presence of French is perceived as a threat. This study focuses on highly literate Tunisian bilinguals typical of the élites of the country. The study is based primarily on direct, personal observation of written and spoken language behaviour in Tunisia.

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