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Neurocognitive Functioning of Children and Adolescents with Mild-to-Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease

Stephen R. Hooper · Arlene C. Gerson · Robert W. Butler · Debbie S. Gipson · Susan R. Mendley · Marc B. Lande +6 more

180 citations0/0 files storedClinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

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Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes Pediatric Urology and Nephrology Studies

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Few data exist on the neurocognitive functioning of children with mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD). The primary objectives of this paper are (1) to determine the neurocognitive status in this population and (2) to identify sociodemographic and health-status variables associated with neurocognitive functioning. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: This was a cross-sectional study of 368 children, aged 6 to 16 years, from the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) cohort. Median iGFR was 43 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), and the median duration of CKD was 8.0 years. Approximately 26% had underlying glomerular disease. Measures of intelligence, academic achievement, attention regulation, and executive functioning were obtained at study entry. The prevalence of neurocognitive deficits was determined by comparing participant scores on each measure of neurocognitive functioning with normative data. The association between hypothesized predictors of neurocognitive dysfunction was evaluated using multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: Neurocognitive functioning was within the average range for the entire group; however, 21% to 40% of participants scored at least one SD below the mean on measures of intelligence quotient (IQ), academic achievement, attention regulation, or executive functioning. Higher iohexol-based GFR (iGFR) predicted a lesser risk for poor performance on measures of executive function. Participants having elevated proteinuria (i.e., urine protein/creatinine >2) scored lower on verbal IQ, full-scale IQ, and attention variability than those without elevated proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas most children with mild-to-moderate CKD have no major neurocognitive deficits, a substantial percentage did show neurocognitive dysfunction that places them at risk for poor long-term educational and occupational outcomes.

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References

2014Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence 2000TEST REVIEW Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function 2017Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function

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2014Duration of chronic kidney disease reduces attention and executive function in pediatric patients 2015Depressive Symptoms in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease 2018Academic achievement in children with chronic kidney disease: a report from the CKiD cohort 2016Neurocognitive, Social-Behavioral, and Adaptive Functioning in Preschool Children with Mild to Moderate Kidney Disease 2020The brain in pediatric chronic kidney disease–the intersection of cognition, neuroimaging, and clinical biomarkers 2015Evaluation of Neurocognition in Youth with CKD Using a Novel Computerized Neurocognitive Battery 2015Eczema Is Associated with Childhood Speech Disorder: A Retrospective Analysis from the National Survey of Children's Health and the National Health Interview Survey 2015Executive Functioning in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease

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