Puja Tri Sandhy : Indian Mantras Recomposed and Standardised in Bali

Abstract

This article discusses the process of formulating the Puja Tri Sandhyā—a series of Sanskrit mantras performed three times a day as a daily prayer—which was developed in conjunction with the struggle of Balinese Hinduism for recognition in the context of the modern Indonesian state since the 1950s. It reviews the pre-modern Sanskrit and Old Javanese textual sources from which the Mantra was taken and recompiled in pamhplets and textbooks of Hinduism, and highlights the figures of Hindu intellectuals that played an important role in the composition and the dissemination of this mantra. Having compared the versions of the Mantra contained in early pamphlets published in the 1950s and 1960s and reconstructed its textual genesis, it discusses the role of the Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia—the Hindu council in Indonesia—in standardising the mantras and the ritual practices connected with it, and introducing them in teaching curricula.

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