A model for personality at three levels

William Revelle · David M. Condon

154 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Research in Personality

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Personality Traits and Psychology Social and Intergroup Psychology Psychological Testing and Assessment

Abstract

People differ. How and why they differ are the fundamental questions for personality psychologists. In this article we address three levels at which people differ: within individuals, between individuals, and between groups of individuals. A dynamic model of personality is considered where traits are seen as rates of change in states in response to environmental cues. Within individuals, motivational and behavioral states show inertial properties and lead to an analysis of rates of change and latencies of behavior. Between individuals, the analysis is one of frequency and duration of choices. When individuals self select into groups reflecting shared interests and abilities, the structure of these group differences reflects the consequences of the self selection. Examples of the dynamic model are given for each level of analysis.

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References

1994Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales.1990An alternative "description of personality": The Big-Five factor structure.1990Personality Structure: Emergence of the Five-Factor Model 1904"General Intelligence," Objectively Determined and Measured 1960Plans and the structure of behavior.1950Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals 1985Toward a consensual structure of mood.1997Personality trait structure as a human universal.

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2020Assessing Personality States: What to Consider when Constructing Personality State Measures 2020The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology 2022Personality and intelligence: A meta-analysis.2021The dynamics, processes, mechanisms, and functioning of personality: An overview of the field 2017The Big Five, everyday contexts and activities, and affective experience 2015

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