Milton and Figurative Interpretation of the Bible

Abstract

"The-letter killeth,” said St. Paul, "but the spirit giveth life." In the history of the study of the Bible, two influential interpretations of this statement have frequently vied with each other. One interpretation conceives of the life-giving spirit in terms of knowledge, the other in terms of grace. The first view results in a theory of Christian symbolism; it identifies the work of the spirit with the comprehension of metaphorical or figurative expressions, maintaining that spiritual understanding arises from a gradual realization of the true meanings of signs. This theory leads finally to allegorical interpretation of the Bible. The alternative view of the Pauline injunction results in a theory of Christian liberty. This explanation associates the letter with the outward and compulsory law and the spirit with grace. It contrasts bare and servile conformity with the spiritual freedom which enables the Christian to comprehend the intention behind the letter, maintaining that spiritual understanding arises when the commands of the Bible are interpreted in such a way as to establish the reign of love. The first view, then, interprets St. Paul's assertion in a manner that leads to contemplation, the second in a manner that leads to action. The history of the conflict between the rival interpretations provides a profound commentary on the roles of mind and will in Christian experience.

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