The Gospel of Science and American Evangelism in Late Ottoman Beirut

Marwa Elshakry

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Christian Theology and Mission Religion and Society Interactions Pentecostalism and Christianity Studies

Abstract

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Protestant revivalist and millenarian movements swept the shores of the Atlantic. Wesleyan Methodism captured the imagination of English enthusiasts, while their overseas brethren witnessed two ‘Great Awakenings’. Numerous prophecies foretold the triumph of Christ's spiritual rule over the earth and the conversion of all the world's peoples, particularly the Jews, who were expected to return to the Holy Land and there embrace a reformed faith on the path to salvation. With the coming of the Saviour and the destruction of all the Men of Sin a ‘thousand years of peace, brotherhood and justice’ were expected.1 Inspired by the spirit of ‘disinterested benevolence’ of Jonathan Edwards and Samuel Hopkins — and by visions of America's ‘manifest destiny’ in the world — American Protestant disciples set out to prepare the road for Christ's return and to sow the seeds of peace, justice and brotherhood among the heathen and unreformed.2 In 1810 a fraternity known as the ‘Brethren’ at the Calvinist Divinity College (later the Andover Theological Seminary) founded what would quickly become one of the largest interdenominational missionary societies in the north-eastern United States: the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM).3 From the start, theirs was a project with global ambitions: ‘Prophesy, history and the present state of the world’, announced the Board in 1811, ‘seem to unite in declaring that the great pillars of the Papal and Mahommedan impostures are now tottering to their fall... Now is the time for the followers of Christ to come forward boldly and engage earnestly in the great work of enlightening and reforming mankind’.4

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References

1997Of Revelation and Revolution, Volume 2 1992Curing their ills: colonial power and African illness 2005Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History 1988The House of Experiment in Seventeenth-Century England 1997The Anthropology of Colonialism: Culture, History, and the Emergence of Western Governmentality 1996Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right 2005Religion versus empire?: British Protestant missionaries and overseas expansion, 1700-1914 1997Victorian Science in Context

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2020Christian Missions and Humanitarianism in The Middle East, 1850-1950 2015THE MISSIONARY MOVEMENT IN AFRICAN AND WORLD HISTORY: MISSION SOURCES AND RELIGIOUS ENCOUNTER 2013“We, the Sexologists …”: Arabic Medical Writing on Sexuality, 1879-1943

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