Application of XAFS in Archaeology

Abstract

X-ray fluorescence XAFS technique was successfully applied to the archaeological study to find colorant elements in old glass samples and to characterize the chemical states of iron in the ceramic sherds excavated from an archaeological site in Turkey. The origin of red color of the mosaic glass is found to be due to the colloidal copper particles in the glass. Blue color is attributed to divalent cobalt. Fe K-XANES spectra revealed that the color of the sherds changes from black, gray, brown, to orange with increasing the absorption edge energy. The gray ceramics typical for Phrygia age were produced in a reducing condition. The cream color of the central Anatolian Iron Age could not be related with the oxidation state of iron.

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