Women educators and the confucian tradition in Meiji Japan (1868–1912): Miwada Masako and Atomi Kakei[1]

Abstract

Historians of the women's movement in Japan tend to equate the women's movement with opposition to the state and with Western liberal thought. Consequently, women who played a public role and contributed significantly to the modernisation of Japan, but who supported the imperial state, have received little attention. This article will examine the life, thought and activities of Miwada Masako (1843–1927) and Atomi Kakei (1840–1926). Both were educated in the Confucian tradition and were among the first to promote education for girls, establishing private schools for girls in Tokyo which still exist today. Although they did not fight for Women's rights in opposition to the state and were not led by Western ideas, they helped redefine the role of women, linking it to the well-being of the nation. Thus, they contributed to creating a society with increasing opportunities for women

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