Europe, or How to Escape Babel

Abstract

Since William Jones announced the kinship of Sanskrit and the European languages, a massive body of scholarship has illuminated the development of the so-called IndoEuropean language group. This new historical philology has enormous technical achievements to its credit. But almost from the start, it became entangled with prejudices and myths with efforts to recreate not only the lost language, but also the lost and superior civilization of the Indo-European ancestors. This drive to determine the identity and nature of the first language of humanity was deeply rooted in both near eastern and western traditions. The Bible described the perfect, transparent language of Adam and followed its degeneration, caused by human sin, into the multiple, opaque languages of later nations. The three sons of Noah became, for Jewish and early Christian writers, the founders of three distinct human groups. By the sixth and seventh centuries, historians began to magnify the deeds of certain later peoples, such as the Scythians and Goths, and to connect them with the biblical genealogy of languages and races. And in the Renaissance, speculative historical etymology took root and flourished, as national pride led European intellectuals to assert that their own modern languages for example, Flemish -either could be identified with the original one or offered the closest surviving approximation to it. Japheth, Noah's favorite son and the forefather of the Europeans, emerged as the hero who had preserved the original language in its purity. A new history of the European languages developed, one which traced them back to the language of the barbarian Scythians and emphasized the connections between Persian and European languages. It came to seem implausible that the European languages derived from Hebrew. By the eighteenth century, in short, all the preconditions were present for a discovery that the ancestors of the Europeans, like the common ancestor of their languages, had been independent of Semitic influence. A modern scholarly thesis whose political and intellectual consequences are still working themselves out reveals the continuing impact of a millennial tradition of speculation about language and history. INTRODUCTION-ETYMOLOGICAL ARGUMENTS: SEDUCTION AND PERSUASION When Anthony Grafton, acting with Natalie Zemon Davis and Suzanne Marchand, invited me to a session of the Davis Center colloquium on Proof and Persuasion, he explained that my presentation could take the form of simply saying a few words to explain the relation of my study of Europe and Babel 1. Elaborated in the course of my seminars at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, this text was discussed at the Davis Center for Historical Studies at Princeton University, in a colloquium organized in January, 1993 by Natalie Zemon Davis, Suzanne Marchand, and Anthony

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