Sex differences in linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) in early modern Japan

Joichi Oyamada · Yoshikazu Kitagawa · Katsutomo Kato · Takayuki Matsushita · Toshiyuki Tsurumoto · Yoshitaka Manabe

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Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies dental development and anomalies Paleopathology and ancient diseases

Abstract

In Japan’s early modern period (1603–1867), also known as the Edo period, females were considered inferior to males. It is therefore plausible that boys were raised more solicitously than girls, and that girls were subject to various kinds of deprivation in early childhood. We compared the prevalence of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) in the dentition of the skeletal remains of early modern Japanese samurai and commoners interred in an urban location (a castle town). Significant sex differences were found in the prevalence of LEH in both groups. As there is evidence that LEH prevalence reflects stress levels in early childhood, the significant differences between the sexes provide material evidence for the hypothesis that male offspring were given preferential treatment among both samurai and commoners in Edo period urban society.

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References

1980Enamel hypoplasias as indicators of stress in three prehistoric populations from Illinois.2005Linear enamel hypoplasias as indicators of systemic physiological stress: Evidence from two known age‐at‐death and sex populations from postmedieval London 2000Brief communication: The timing of linear hypoplasias on human anterior teeth 2000Biocultural analysis of sex differences in mortality profiles and stress levels in the late medieval population from Nova Rača, Croatia 1999Interpreting sex differences in enamel hypoplasia in human and non-human primates: Developmental, environmental, and cultural considerations 1996Dental indicators of stress and reduced age at death in prehistoric Native Americans 1990Frequency and distribution of enamel hypoplasias in a historic skeletal sample 2008Osteological and dental markers of health in the transition from the Late Antique to the Early Medieval period in Croatia

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