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For many scholars and students of American film history, the black press campaign against D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation (1915) signifies the founding moment of significant black writing on the cinema. This essay investigates the pre- Birth film criticism of New York Age columnist Lester A. Walton so as to challenge that misconception and recover a lost legacy of early black film spectatorship.
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Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 24 citations exist upstream.
Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.
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