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Abstract Assimiles or African patriots? The Emergence of Cultural Nationalisai in French-speaking Africa (1853-1931). — The French-speaking African educated elite is generally presented as strongly influenced by the colonial policy of Assimilation—at least until the emergence of the negritude movement before the Second World War. This article challenges this view by analyzing texts of local history and ethnography published by Francophone African authors from the middle of the nineteenth century to the 1930s. These sources display great pride in African culture, although they are also critical of traditional African society. Many of their authors later became important African politicians and intellectuals. Some played a role in the emergence of negritude. The works of these authors, however, were more than precursors of negritude: they were also attempts to define a modem African culture—one that would retain cultural elements from the past, while discarding oppressive traits of the old society.
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