Article1995

Effects of a safe person on induced distress following a biological challenge in panic disorder with agoraphobia.

Michele M. Carter · Steven D. Hollon · Richard E. Carson · Richard Charles Shelton

98 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Abnormal Psychology

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Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments

Abstract

This study examined the effect of having a safe person present on artificially induced anxiety following a biological challenge among panic-disordered patients. Anxiety symptoms were induced using a 5.5% CO2-inhalation procedure. Panic patients underwent the inhalation procedure either in the presence or absence of their safe person. Nonanxious controls underwent the procedure without a safe person. Panic patients exposed to CO2 without their safe person present reported greater distress, a greater number of catastrophic cognitions, and a greater level of physiological arousal than did panic patients exposed with their safe person. The latter group did not differ from controls on most measures at postexposure. The attenuation of self-reported anxiety and catastrophic cognitions is consistent with the safety-signal theory and the cognitive model of panic, respectively. The results, however, are inconsistent with a biological model of panic.

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References

2013Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 1961An Inventory for Measuring Depression 1960A RATING SCALE FOR DEPRESSION 1970Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 1959THE ASSESSMENT OF ANXIETY STATES BY RATING 1988Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. rev.) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. rev.) American Psychiatric Association (1987). American Psychiatric Press, Inc., 1400 K Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. 567 pp., $39.95 hardcover; $29.95 softcover.1985Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective 1986A cognitive approach to panic

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