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The evolution of C4 photosynthesis was a signal shift in the history of life on Earth, including at least 50 independent origins in 19 families of higher plants (1). Today, C4 plants account for a quarter of the primary productivity on the planet despite representing a small fraction (∼3%) of the estimated 250,000 land plant species (2). Most C4 plants are grasses (family Poaceae, 4,500 species), followed by sedges (family Cyperaceae, 1,500 species) and dicots (1,200 species). A few C4 plant species contribute significantly to the human diet, either directly as domesticated cereals (e.g., maize, sorghum, millet) and additives (e.g., cane sugar, corn syrup) or indirectly via animals raised on C4 crops and pastures. As a result, human tissues can have high δ13C values because C4 plants and their consumers are enriched in 13C (3). In recent years, this telltale signature of a C4-based diet has also been found in a wide range of hominin species (4), a finding that has both informed and fueled debate. Now, paleoanthropologists must contend with a unique and surprising finding.
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