Fundamental relations in psychology and economics can be derived from the assumption of random response to external constraint. These include the demand law, whereby consumption decreases as the price of the good increases; the normal rise in consumption with income; schedule functions in which the contingent response decreases linearly as the instrumental response increases; nonexclusive preference for the richer component of a concurrent ratio schedule; and the effects of nonlabor income, which decreases both labor and consumption when compensated for total income but increases consumption otherwise. Thus, behavior that appears rational, optimal, or adaptive may truly be a random response to external constraint. Even if behavior is not random, predictions that are based on the random response model may often provide the most appropriate null hypothesis
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