Festivals, Identities, and Belonging

Kari Jæger · Reidar Johan Mykletun

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Sport and Mega-Event Impacts Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research Cultural Identity and Heritage

Abstract

Research has suggested that festivals may influence the identities of the people involved and the host community itself. This impact may be a result of the events functioning as occasions to express collective belonging to a group or a place, and provide opportunities to create united histories, cultural practices, and ideals, but there is little evidence for this. Hence, this article seeks to investigate (1) how festivals influence individual and social identities, (2) what this influence on identities means for the people involved (collective identities) and identity with a place (place belongingness), and (3) how festivals influence the self-image and place identity of the local community. The findings are based on a qualitative study with 32 in-depth interviews with festival organizers, operational festival workers, municipality officers, and tourism firms related to three festivals in rural areas in Finnmark, Norway. These festivals provide core activities that build on or are displayed in a frame of local culture and heritage. The area has different challenges, in some ways related to a difficult climate, lack of work, and different ethnicities, represented by Norwegian, Russian, Finnish, and Sami cultures. In line with the approach, it is concluded that festivals do influence the identities of people and place and that all processes related to festivals influence the need to belong.

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References

1995The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.1996Who is this "We"? Levels of collective identity and self representations.2000Displacing place‐identity: A discursive approach to locating self and other 1989Place-identity as a product of environmental self-regulation 2005Arts Festivals and the City 2005Place Bonding for Recreation Places: Conceptual and Empirical Development 2003Making Sense of How Festivals Demonstrate a Community's Sense of Place 2001Celebrating group and place identity: A case study of a new regional festival

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2017Understanding the cognitive, affective and evaluative components of social urban identity: Determinants, measurement, and practical consequences 2020Festivals Post Covid-19 2021Measuring a Sense of Belonging at Museums and Cultural Centers 2016The other customer: The impact of self-image in restaurant patronage 2016On commodification: volunteer experiences in festivals

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